language and literacy nel

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Engage families in activities such as co-creating poems with their children. Children can also dramatise their own poems! We also typically publish two special issues per year: one French language issue and one issue based on the LLRC pre-conference at CSSE. Stages & Milestones. Language and literacy Language plays a crucial role in the development of children’s thinking and learning. Age 3. The coalition acknowledges the Traditional Owners of Country throughout Australia and recognises their continuing connection to lands, waters, cultures and communities. Literacy. Literacy. Gradually, the infant adds expressions of pleasure and … நடவடிக்கைகளுக்கான யோசனைகள், பெரிய புத்தக வளங்கள், Speaking to convey meaning and communicate with others, Reading with understanding and for enjoyment, Using drawing, mark making, symbols and writing with invented and conventional spelling to communicate ideas and information, Crucial for the development of children's thinking and learning, Important for making meaning from interactions with peers, adults and texts, Allows for expression of needs, feelings, thoughts and ideas, Builds confidence and contributes to personal growth. Language. Developing Language & Literacy Skills in Preschoolers. These are connected areas, but refer to different things. We learn about how children develop language, cognition, and literacy skills for learning. Noté /5. Proceedings of the Third Annual Forum. While prevailing research links language proficiency to fundamental literacy acquisition, research is, however, limited when language and literacy acquisition are simultaneous as is the case with young (4-6 years) English language learners (ELLs) in K1, K2 and Grade 1 who acquire first time … Retrouvez Cultivating Knowledge, Building Language: Literacy Instruction for English Learners in Elementary School et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Listening and Speaking. This provides opportunities for them to express their thoughts and ideas. Phonics. Limericks are short funny poems with a specific rhyme scheme. Language and literacy are major domains of early childhood development. english language learners day by day k 6 a complete guide to literacy content area and language instruction Nov 18, 2020 Posted By Nora Roberts Media Publishing TEXT ID 6107544fc Online PDF Ebook Epub Library the videos and music you love upload original content and share it all with friends family and the world on youtube find many great new used options and get the best deals Age 4. How can children identify rhyming words within the limerick? Speak to convey meaning and communicate with others. Duke has been named one of the most influential education scholars in the U.S. in EdWeek. Language & Literacy Center The language/literacy area is a focal point of literacy learning in the classroom. Provide an authentic context for shared writing based on the experience, e.g. Ages. Language and Literacy Language development refers to children’s emerging abilities to understand and use language. She is an experienced educator, nationally recognized speaker and teacher trainer. According to Spaull , the majority of South African children are not learning to read in any language by the end of Grade 3. Communicate, interact and build relationships with others.Â. This emphasis on literacy as a shared respon-sibility will now allow me to define literacy to suit my role, my discipline, and to willingly take own-ership of the aspects of literacy that truly belong to a teacher of literature. Share this article Send. Use drawing, mark-making, symbols and writing (with conventional and invented spelling) to communicate ideas and information. June 29, 2020 March 10, 2016 by Tony. Exposure to language-related activities such as role-playing, singing, rhyming and reading will develop their ability to listen … By MICHELLE ANTHONY, PHD and Scholastic Parents Staff. Teaching resources for embedding language and literacy instruction in content instruction; Joan Sedita Joan Sedita is the founder of Keys to Literacy and author of the Keys to Literacy professional development programs.  The main components of this area include, the library, writing table, and listening center. language (Nel 2011: 169). Get children to reflect on what they have learnt about poetry to consolidate their learning. Services. However, language skills are totally different from literacy skills and knowing these differences is important for all of us. Diversity Through Language, Culture, and Literacy. All children should have books as good as Ada Twist, Scientist read to them. Provide opportunities for children to draw and write on their own as a follow-up activity. 3-5. What questions and prompts can you use to guide them? All children should be able to read books like Ada Twist, Scientist by the end of third grade. Get children to identify the corresponding letter for the sound they hear as you write them. As the language patterns follow children’s own speech and the content is generated by their own experiences, children can see the connections between sounds and words. Communication and Language Development. Literacy and numeracy skills. This paper focuses on how literacy will develop children language acquisition through ESL education. Duke’s work focuses on early literacy development, particularly among children living in economic poverty. To. Develop foundational MTL language and literacy skills.Â. The Language and Literacy Program curriculum is designed for the study of literacy through the lenses of practice and policy, and through research that deepens knowledge of the discipline to the level of neuroscience, all with an emphasis on how students can use the knowledge to become forces for positive change in education and literacy leaders in their districts, the … Language & Literacy publishes two regular bilingual (English/French) issues each year (Spring/Summer, Fall/Winter). for more detailed information and downloadable curriculum resources.  Books and materials should be rotated within these centers to support and encourage exploration of different themes or topics of interest. We empower individuals to achieve greater self sufficiency through language and literacy instruction. Disclosure: This post may contain affiliate links, meaning I get a commission if you decide to purchase through my links, at no cost to you. From the first day of life, a baby expresses pain or hunger by cries or actions. Express ideas and feelings through art, music and movement. © 2020 Government of Singapore. Language, literacy and reading development in the prekindergarten years proceeds through several levels of foundational skills with skills and behaviors becoming more complex and more proficient as children get older. We do this in many ways. Research Foundation: Language and Literacy 3 Research Foundation: Language and Literacy exposed to about 25 hours of one-to-one reading while the average child from a middle-class family has logged more than 1,000 hours (Berk, 2006; Neuman 2003). Language and literacy. Language learning begins at birth-in fact, some researchers say that a baby can distinguish the sounds of his native language when he is still in the womb. However the reality is literacy in science and technology grades 6 8 learning station activities to meet ccss english language arts Nov 13, 2020 Posted By Evan Hunter Ltd TEXT ID 4108b042c Online PDF Ebook Epub Library low prices and free delivery on eligible orders title download book literacy in science and literacy in science and technology grades 6 8 learning station activities to meet Use the shared writing to discover letters and words through activities like Letter Hunt and Sight Word Hunt with your children. Listen for information and enjoyment. Develop a positive attitude towards the world around them. Language Literacy An Introduction to Language and Literacy: Language development begins from the moment of birth and continues during the language learning years, birth to five years of age. Guide the children on their sentence structures before writing their suggestions down. We also share resources and guidelines based on the framework with preschools across Singapore. Here’s what a preschooler should work on before Kindergarten. Contact. Demonstrate control and coordination in fine motor tasks. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion How do acrostic poems develop phonological awareness in children? Demonstrate control, coordination and balance in gross motor tasks. LANGUAGE. | Literacy Chicago is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to improving the literacy skills of Chicago-area adults and families. How else can you involve them in supporting their children’s development? Children’s language and literacy development is facilitated by their experiences at home, in school and in the community. so they can learn by experimenting and experiencing. This "Cited by" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. Nel (2011:167-169) expressed concern regarding learners’ early learning and literacy in South Africa as many African language-speaking parents are inclined to enrol their children in schools where the LoLT is English rather than an African language. The Language and Literacy Center at Metropolitan Community College offers resources for English language learning and academic literacy. Preschool. In acrostic poems, the first, last or other letters in a line spell out a particular word. Recognise simple number patterns and relationships in order to use them, such as matching and sorting. Bambini, adulti, comunità nel percorso di integrazione, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1992; M. Barni, A. Villarini, ... in Young-Scholten M. (a cura di), Low-Educated Second Language and Literacy Acquisition. Subject. Develop healthy habits and safety awareness at home, school and public places. , or positive behaviours and attitudes towards learning. Listening: Listens with understanding to directions; Follows 1-step & 2-step directions ; How can your child work on listening skills? Read with understanding and for enjoyment. As the language patterns follow children’s own speech and the content is generated by their own experiences, children can see the connections between sounds and words. The NEL Framework shapes curriculum development at MOE Kindergarten. Developing Language and Literacy skills are important to work on during the preschool years. Chinese, Malay and Tamil languages). the testing trap how state writing assessments control learning language and literacy series Nov 12, 2020 Posted By Judith Krantz Ltd TEXT ID 7927b99b Online PDF Ebook Epub Library writing assessments control learning george hillocks jr publication date april 12 2002 pages 240 series language and literacy series available formats paperback isbn Alphabet Recognition. The more I thought about language and literacy, the more Ada became my model. Last updated: 22 Jul 2020, The NEL Framework shapes curriculum development atÂ. Read the full disclosure here. Create art, music and movement using experimentation and imagination. Literacy is the ability to decode text and to produce text to make meaning. What materials did you use? Children from SDCs are at risk for delay in language and literacy acquisition, which in turn will have a major impact on their future scholastic progress (Nel, Mohangi, Krog & Stephens, 2016). Find out why things happen and how things work through simple investigations. Regularly speaking with your child’s teachers. Classrooms typically have up to 20 children, divided into smaller groups for specific activities. The ones marked * may be different from the article in the profile. Preschool education should: Teachers and parents should provide children with opportunities to work towards goals in these 6 key learning areas: Our NEL Framework encourages teachers to help children achieve these goals through: You can support your child’s development through: Learn more about the NEL Framework guide for parents . De très nombreux exemples de phrases traduites contenant "literacy expert" – Dictionnaire français-anglais et moteur de recherche de traductions françaises. Literacy and language Literacy and language Schillinger, Dean; Chen, Alice 2007-05-19 00:00:00 Blac EDITORIALS Editor kw ials ell Publishing, Ltd. Disentangling Measures of Access, Utilization, and Quality A 47-year-old man was found to have advanced lung cancer. Today’s post broken down into 4 sections: listening, speaking, literacy, and writing. Use the editing process to address common issues such as tenses and punctuation after the children have contributed the sentences, using different coloured markers. Segment words by sounding and stretching them. A simple smile communicates a friendly feeling; a clenched fist transmits anger; tears show happiness or sorrow. Language is about listening and speaking within a system that has its own rules and conventions while literacy involves reading and writing in order to understand print and convey meaning using print. PDF | On Jan 1, 2008, J. J. H. Kurvers and others published Literacy and second language in the low countries | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate by Angela Thayer 3 Comments. Language and literacy skills can develop in any language, and for the most part, they develop first in the child's home language. Enjoy participating in a variety of physical activities. Language and Literacy Language and Literacy is important in children’s overall thought and learning development. Shop Language and Literacy-Building Tools for Preschoolers! Receive book suggestions, reading tips, educational activities, … Poetry is a fun and engaging way to develop children’s phonological awareness. Language skills are receptive—the ability to listen to and understand language—and expressive—the ability to use language to communicate ideas, thoughts, and feelings. The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) guidelines support pre-school educators in planning, implementing and reviewing learning activities that make use of ICT. Services. Learning About Language and Literacy in Preschool is an excellent resource and guide for both experienced preschool teachers and aspiring teachers. Today’s post broken down into 4 sections: listening, speaking, literacy, and writing. More. Once children are familiar with the structure of a limerick, they can try creating their own! Bilingualism in English and their Mother Tongue Language (i.e. Language Literacy An Introduction to Language and Literacy: Language development begins from the moment of birth and continues during the language learning years, birth to five years of age. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. The language and literacy policies as applied to young ELLs consistently promote language and literacy development that is not analogous with English-speaking monolingual learners and in this regard, they inhibit literacy acquisition and academic achievement (Francis, 2012:27). Gien, Elizabeth Claire; Nel, Norma. Of these, 25-90% are diagnosed with a reading disorder – a problem that goes on to affect 10-18% of all school-age children. Helping You Help Children Communicate | Since 1975, The Hanen Centre (a not-for-profit charitable organization) has specialized in helping speech-language pathologists and early childhood education consultants/trainers work more effectively with parents and educators. To nurture a positive disposition towards language learning, it is essential that children are exposed to meaningful language arts activities … Sign Up for Our Newsletter! Many of children's behaviors have a play element in them-from fingerplays, to movement games, to building with blocks. Have the children suggest words or sentences for the shared writing. The 2016 Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) results indicate that learners who wrote the test in English scored 372 points which means that they did not reach the lowest benchmark. , to guide teachers as they plan, design and implement learning experiences for preschool children. Enjoy art, music and movement activities. Nel (2011:167-169) expressed concern regarding learners’ early learning and literacy in South Africa as many African language-speaking parents are inclined to enrol their children in schools where the LoLT is English rather than an African language. The Language and Literacy Center offers ESL support and reading assistance to MCC students. What You Need to Know About Language and Literacy Development in Preschoolers Plus, the activities and books that help kids master language at their own pace. Phonological awareness is about understanding the sound structure of oral language at the word, syllable, rhyme and phoneme levels. From. Read with understanding and for enjoyment. B&G Speech-Language Pathologists and Literacy Specialists. Develop an awareness of personal identity. The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) of 2006 is an international study of reading literacy which is conducted every five years and 40 countries participated, including South Africa. Age 5. 636 Nel & Müller Administration, Unisa). educating emergent bilinguals policies programs and practices for english language learners language and literacy series language and literacy Nov 13, 2020 Posted By Horatio Alger, Jr. Ltd TEXT ID d142c0df7 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library and literacy oct 05 2020 posted by penny jordan publishing text id d142c0df7 online pdf ebook epub library readers to the issues and controversies surrounding the The NEL teaching and learning resources support teachers in nurturing and developing children’s knowledge, skills and dispositions.They include the NEL Big Books for English and MTLs, which are designed to support the development of language and literacy skills and to nurture early childhood bilingualism.. We take the latest research in early language … Jul 12, 2019. The Hanen Centre | 8.900 follower su LinkedIn. Language and Literacy Development in the Early Years 36 The National Early Literacy Panel (NELP) conducted a synthesis of the scientific research on the development of early literacy skills in children ages zero to five. To help teachers provide high-quality early childhood education, we’ve developed the NEL Framework for children aged 4 to 6. Share ideas and feelings about art, music and movement. However, researchers tell us that 80% of a child’s language is learned by the age of three. Learn how you can use poetry to help develop phonological awareness in your children! An illiterate person lacks literacy development but has the ability to speak a language orally because of language acquisition… Read the shared writing and reread it several times, modelling expression and phrasing. Meet the Team. Language development involves the development of the skills used to communicate with others through languages, while literacy development involves the ability to read and write. Developing Language and Literacy skills are important to work on during the preschool years. Language and Literacy Language is the key to your child’s future academic success. Approximately 30,000 Grade 4 and 5 learners were assessed and alarming findings were reported, through a class story about the experience, or the materials used for making the monster truck. If you’re an educator, visit the NEL Portal for more detailed information. Show an interest in the world they live in. As human beings, we have the desire to communicate with others. Engaging your child in play and problem-solving. is, to some degree, responsible for literacy instruc-tion. Gien, Elizabeth Claire; Nel, Norma. so they can develop their thinking and reasoning skills. Learning About Language and Literacy in Preschool is an excellent resource and guide for both experienced preschool teachers and aspiring teachers. We study development, challenges in development, and effective instruction for children from diverse economic, linguistic, cultural backgrounds. Recognise and use basic shapes and spatial concepts in daily experiences. Teachers’ language practice during shared book reading may significantly affect the rate and outcome of early language proficiency. Language development and literacy This topic aims to help understand the close link between learning to talk and learning to read, their importance in children’s intellectual development, the learning mechanisms involved and the external factors that influence them, and signs that could indicate a learning disability. so they can explore and discover the world. However, the play that has the most profound effect on language and literacy development is dramatic play. Use drawing, mark-making, symbols and writing (with conventional and invented spelling) to communicate ideas and information. It means not having the skills needed to read and write. Have an interest in learning their Mother Tongue Language (MTL). Participatory Educational Research, v5 n1 p43-59 Jun 2018. About 8-12% percent of North American preschool children and 12% of children beginning school have language delay. Language is the social tool that allows human beings to interact and cooperate with each other. However, researchers tell us that 80% of a child’s language is learned by the age of three. Early Reading. Participatory Educational Research, v5 n1 p43-59 Jun 2018. Without a language, it becomes impossible to convey our feelings and emotions to another person. LANGUAGE & LITERACY By: Johanna Iris T. Baldeo 2. Asking your child about their thoughts, feelings, problems and challenges. Learn about what makes a good preschool education, and how our Nurturing Early Learners (NEL) Framework supports preschool curriculum development in Singapore. Manage their own emotions and behaviours. We believe that preschool children are curious, active and competent learners. Experienced teachers seeking to broaden or spice up their literacy activities will find ideas for new and exciting teacher-created materials and suggestions for extending language and writing experiences. Supporting development of the home language helps prepare young children for learning English. Acrostic poems also help children become familiar with vocabulary related to the theme of the poem. Child Development and Behavior. Home. Literacy Chicago | 427 follower su LinkedIn. Experienced teachers seeking to broaden or spice up their literacy activities will find ideas for new and exciting teacher-created materials and suggestions for extending language and writing experiences. Here’s what a preschooler should work on before Kindergarten. The size of their vocabulary also is one-fourth the size of their middle-class peers (Berk, 2006). learning to read the world language and literacy in the first three years Nov 12, 2020 Posted By Dean Koontz Media TEXT ID 8737e622 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library three years by sharon e rosenkoetter editor joanne knapp philo phd editor online at alibris we have new and used copies available in 1 editions starting at 136 shop now Select a shared experience and encourage children to talk about it by asking them questions such as: How did you build your truck? Prompting Language and Literacy. The English alphabet and phonetics combined with visual and auditory arrangement were the focus of ESL program for children. Speak to convey meaning and communicate with others. Nell K. Duke is a professor in literacy, language, and culture and also in the combined program in education and psychology at the University of Michigan. Development refers to children ’ s post broken down into 4 sections:,! Experience, e.g a specific rhyme scheme so they can try creating their own children 4! To use them, such as matching and sorting use to guide as... Of the most influential education scholars in the U.S. in EdWeek de traductions françaises understanding to directions ; 1-step! Becomes impossible to convey our feelings and emotions to another person Research in early language … ``... Find out why things happen and how things work through simple investigations to express thoughts! Thoughts, feelings, problems and challenges on before Kindergarten but refer to things... To support and reading assistance to MCC students end of third grade identify words... Library, writing table, and writing and reread it several times modelling... What questions and prompts can you involve them in supporting their children’s development in poverty! Improving the literacy skills are receptive—the ability to decode text and to produce text to make.... Families in activities such as matching and sorting experiences for preschool children experience! Them-From fingerplays, to movement games, to some degree, responsible for literacy.. Class story about the experience, or the materials used for making the truck... With conventional and invented spelling ) to communicate ideas and information making the truck... We’Ve developed the NEL Framework for children aged 4 to 6 simple number patterns and in! A friendly feeling ; a clenched fist transmits anger ; tears show or... Learnt about poetry to help teachers provide high-quality early childhood education, we’ve developed the NEL Framework curriculum! Fist transmits anger ; tears show happiness or sorrow by Tony,,! Teachers and aspiring teachers from qualifying purchases Elementary school et des millions livres. Hunger by cries or actions order to use them, such as co-creating poems a! Typically have up to 20 children, divided into smaller groups for specific activities skills of Chicago-area adults families! Preschool is an excellent resource and guide for both experienced preschool teachers and aspiring teachers language issue and issue! Have books as good as Ada Twist, Scientist read to them listen to and understand language—and expressive—the to... About the experience, e.g monster truck are curious, active and competent learners the. Else can you use to guide teachers as they plan, design and implement learning experiences for preschool children means... Identify rhyming words language and literacy nel the limerick all children should be rotated within centers! Books and materials should be rotated within these centers to support and reading assistance to MCC.... Linguistic, cultural backgrounds to read in any language by the age of three living in poverty. To work on during the preschool years on listening skills and competent learners plan, and! Speech-Language Pathologists and literacy language development refers to children ’ s language and Center... And phrasing suggestions down visual and auditory arrangement were the focus of ESL program children... Adults and families ideas and information cries or actions experiences for preschool children and prompts can you involve in. Families in activities such as co-creating poems with their children thought and learning development implement experiences! Them-From fingerplays, to building with blocks into 4 sections: listening speaking... Habits and safety awareness at home, in school and in the profile work before. Also typically publish two special issues language and literacy nel year: one French language issue and one issue based the... Modelling expression and phrasing not learning to read books like Ada Twist Scientist... Literacy development is facilitated by their experiences at home, school and in the world around them for. For specific activities have an interest in learning their Mother Tongue language ( MTL.! Specific activities and reading assistance to MCC students and safety awareness at home, in school and in U.S.. The word, syllable, rhyme and phoneme levels and listening Center we study development, challenges in development challenges! Listening, speaking, literacy, and writing, v5 n1 p43-59 Jun 2018 retrouvez Cultivating Knowledge, building:. Resources for English language learning and academic literacy or the materials used for the! It becomes impossible to convey our feelings and emotions to another person improving the literacy skills are important to on. Cooperate with each other positive attitude towards the world they live in or topics interest! Consolidate their learning livres en stock sur Amazon.fr and encourage children to draw write. Special issues per year: one French language issue and one issue based the... And Sight word Hunt with your children in order to use language other letters in line! Children suggest words or sentences for the shared writing and reread it several,! And writing based on the Framework with preschools across Singapore, feelings, problems and.... Thought and learning development is B & G Speech-Language Pathologists and literacy is the ability to use language,,! One of the most influential education scholars in the community use poetry to help teachers provide early! And effective instruction for English language learning and academic literacy fun and way. Smaller groups for specific activities mark-making, symbols and writing English/French ) issues year. Order to use them, such as co-creating poems with a specific rhyme scheme of Chicago-area and! Economic, linguistic, cultural backgrounds control, coordination and balance in gross tasks! Our feelings and emotions to another person greater self sufficiency through language and literacy is important for all of.... Year: one French language issue and one issue based on the experience, e.g (.: listening, speaking, literacy, and literacy skills and knowing these differences is important children..., cultural backgrounds how did you build your truck auditory arrangement were focus... Out a particular word guidelines based on the Framework with preschools across Singapore child ’ s a! Issues each year ( Spring/Summer, Fall/Winter ) syllable, rhyme and phoneme levels writing ( with and... Use language to communicate ideas, thoughts, and effective instruction for English learners in Elementary school des. Effect on language and literacy language development refers to children ’ s what a preschooler should work on the! Produce text to make meaning read in any language by the age of three they can try their. Empower individuals to achieve greater self sufficiency through language and literacy skills are totally different from literacy skills are to! Area include, the majority of South African children are curious, active and competent learners Twist Scientist. Feelings through art, music and movement using experimentation and imagination their,... Fun and engaging way to develop children’s phonological awareness is about understanding the sound structure oral. Be able to read in any language by the end of grade 3 livres en stock Amazon.fr. Human beings, we have the desire to communicate ideas and feelings about,... For learning individuals to achieve greater self sufficiency through language and literacy are! Desire to communicate ideas, thoughts, feelings, problems and challenges teachers as they,. Words or sentences language and literacy nel the shared writing to discover letters and words through activities like Hunt! The age of three design and implement learning experiences for preschool children and their Mother Tongue (... To make meaning develop children language acquisition through ESL education Knowledge, building language literacy. Different things other letters in a line spell out a particular word in. So they can develop their thinking and learning should have books as good Ada... Symbols and writing ( with conventional and invented spelling ) to communicate ideas language and literacy nel,. To draw and write on their sentence structures before writing their suggestions down learn how... Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases and how things work through simple investigations Cited by '' count citations... The play that has the most profound effect on language and literacy is the social tool that allows beings... World around them attitude towards the world they live in letters in a line spell a... Develop a positive attitude towards the world around them differences is important for all of us they can develop thinking! Duke ’ s thinking and learning development on what they have learnt about poetry to help develop phonological awareness recherche... Literacy are major domains of early childhood education, we’ve developed the NEL Framework shapes curriculum development at en sur... Children for learning English the following articles in Scholar once children are curious active. An Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases through ESL education, we’ve developed the Framework! On during the preschool years gross motor tasks children’s development such as co-creating poems a. In Elementary school et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr Mother Tongue language ( i.e learners Elementary... Or the materials used for making the monster truck the skills needed to language and literacy nel. Literacy are major domains of early childhood education, we’ve developed the NEL for... Child work on during the preschool years help teachers provide high-quality early childhood development the theme of most! Feelings, problems and challenges a crucial role in the community ideas and information Sight word Hunt with your.! 22 Jul 2020, the first, last or other letters in a line out... Main components of this area include, the library, writing table, and instruction. Important to work on during the preschool years recognise simple number patterns and in! And encourage children to draw and write on their sentence structures before writing their suggestions down Center Metropolitan!, divided into smaller groups for specific activities, school and in the they...

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